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Delmar Divide
The Delmar Divide refers to Delmar Boulevard as a socioeconomic and racial dividing line in St. Louis, Missouri. The term was popularized outside Greater St. Louis by a four-minute documentary from the BBC.〔“Crossing a St Louis street that divides communities.” BBC News. BBC News, Web. Retrieved November 7, 2014〕 Delmar Blvd. is an east-west street with its western terminus in the municipality of University City extending into the City of Louis. There is a dense concentration of eclectic commerce on Delmar Blvd. near the municipal borders of University City and St Louis. This area is known as the Delmar Loop. A similar nearby area to east-southeast is the Central West End (CWE), with over 125 businesses.〔“Central West End The Best of Urban Eclectic.” Web. Retrieved November 10, 2014〕 Delmar Blvd is referred to as a “divide” because the neighborhood to the South of it is 70% white and the neighborhood to the North is 98% black, and due to corresponding sharp socioeconomic, cultural, and public policy differences.〔“Census Results (2010)” Us Census Bureau” Web. Retrieved November, 10,〕
==History of Segregation in St. Louis==
In 1916, during the Jim Crow Era, St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance.〔Primm, James. Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri History Museum Press. 1998. Print〕 This ordinance stated that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move into the neighborhood.〔Smith, Jeffrey. “A Preservation Plan for St. Louis Part I: Historic Contexts” St. Louis, Missouri Cultural Resources Office. Web. Retrieved November 13, 2014.〕 This ordinance did not stand as it was challenged in court by the NAACP.〔NAACP. Papers of the NAACP Part 5. The Campaign against Residential Segregation. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. 1986. Web〕 In response, racial covenants on housing were introduced. These prevented the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to, “persons not of Caucasian race”. The racial covenants were ruled to be unconstitutional in 1948 when they were overturned in the Shelley v. Kraemer Supreme Court case.〔“Shelley House". We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement. National Park Service. Retrieved November 10, 2014.〕 In those 32 years, the covenants caused The Ville (an area of St. Louis several blocks north of Delmar) to become the main neighborhood that black people in the middle class resided. In 1954, St. Louis passed an order to redevelop the Mill Creek Valley, an African American area district that is several blocks south of Delmar Blvd. In 1959, the redevelopment began and the Mill Creek Valley was torn down to erect an addition to Saint Louis University, Highway 40, Laclede Town, and Grand Towers.〔Smith, Jeffrey. “A Preservation Plan for St. Louis Part I: Historic Contexts” St. Louis, Missouri Cultural Resources Office. Web. Retrieved November 13, 2014.〕 Most of the people that were displaced by this redevelopment moved to The Ville and an area north of Delmar to Natural Bridge. To further combat the displacement of the Mill Creek Valley, the St. Louis Housing Authority increased the amount of public housing north of Delmar which continued into the 2000s.〔Smith, Jeffrey. “A Preservation Plan for St. Louis Part I: Historic Contexts” St. Louis, Missouri Cultural Resources Office. Web. Retrieved November 13, 2014.〕 This helped to solidify Delmar Blvd as a racial and socioeconomic dividing line in St. Louis, Missouri.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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